Diagnostic Tests & Services
Explore our laboratory tests with simple descriptions to understand what each test is generally used for.
Our Laboratory Tests
Pathoxa Healthcare provides a wide range of laboratory investigations across hematology, biochemistry, serology, endocrinology, molecular diagnostics, microbiology and clinical pathology.
Hematology
CBC – Complete Blood Count
A complete blood count evaluates major blood cell components including hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit and related red-cell indices.
Absolute Platelet Count
Measures the platelet count in blood. Platelets are important for normal blood clot formation and bleeding control.
AEC – Absolute Eosinophil Count
Measures the absolute number of eosinophils in blood and may be useful when evaluating allergic conditions and certain parasitic infections.
ALC – Absolute Lymphocyte Count
Determines the absolute number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and helps assess lymphocyte status in different clinical conditions.
ANC – Absolute Neutrophil Count
Measures the absolute number of neutrophils in blood and is useful for assessing the body's ability to respond to infection.
APTT – Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Evaluates part of the blood coagulation pathway and is commonly used in the assessment of clotting disorders and anticoagulant therapy.
BT / CT – Bleeding Time / Clotting Time
Provides information related to bleeding and clotting processes and may be used as part of an assessment of hemostasis.
Blood Grouping
Determines the patient's ABO blood group and Rh status, which are important for transfusion and other clinical requirements.
DC – Differential Count
Reports the distribution of different types of white blood cells and helps evaluate immune and inflammatory conditions.
ESR – Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a blood sample. It is a nonspecific marker that can support evaluation of inflammation.
Hb% – Hemoglobin
Measures the amount of hemoglobin in blood. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body.
HPLC
High-performance liquid chromatography can be used for analysis of hemoglobin fractions and evaluation of different hemoglobin patterns.
Iron Profile
A group of investigations used to assess iron status and help evaluate conditions associated with iron deficiency or iron overload.
MCH – Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Indicates the average amount of hemoglobin contained in an individual red blood cell.
MCHC – Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
Represents the average concentration of hemoglobin within red blood cells and is reported as part of red-cell indices.
MP – ICT / QBC / Optimal
Malaria-related investigations used for detecting evidence of malaria infection using the specified laboratory method.
Nasal Smear Eosinophil
Examines a nasal specimen for eosinophils and may support assessment of allergic nasal conditions.
PCV – Packed Cell Volume
Measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells and is also known as hematocrit.
Plasmodium falciparum
Investigation for evidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection, a malaria-causing parasite.
P. falciparum & P. vivax Antigen
Detects malaria parasite antigens associated with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
PS Comment
Provides microscopic comments from examination of peripheral blood smear morphology.
PT / INR – Prothrombin Time
Evaluates blood clotting through the extrinsic coagulation pathway and INR provides a standardized expression of prothrombin time.
RBC – Red Blood Cell Count
Measures the number of red blood cells in blood. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen.
RDW – Red Cell Distribution Width
Indicates the variation in red blood cell size and is reported as part of the complete blood count.
Reticulocyte Count
Measures immature red blood cells and provides information about red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
Sickling Test
Investigates the presence of sickling behavior of red blood cells and may be used in the evaluation of sickle cell disorders.
TLC – Total Leukocyte Count
Measures the total number of white blood cells in blood and helps evaluate immune and inflammatory conditions.
TPC – Total Platelet Count
Measures the number of platelets in blood, which are essential for normal clot formation.
TRBC – Total Red Blood Cell Count
Determines the total number of red blood cells present in a blood sample.
Coagulation Profile
A group of blood clotting investigations used to evaluate coagulation pathways and bleeding or clotting concerns.
Fibrinogen
Measures fibrinogen, a blood protein that plays an important role in formation of blood clots.
Factor VIII
Evaluates factor VIII activity, an important component of the blood coagulation system.
Factor IX
Evaluates factor IX activity as part of assessment of the coagulation system.
D-Dimer
Measures a fibrin degradation product and can support clinical evaluation of thrombotic conditions when interpreted with other findings.
Bone Marrow Study
Examines bone marrow cells and their development to support evaluation of various blood and marrow-related disorders.
Biochemistry
FBS – Fasting Blood Sugar
Measures blood glucose after a specified fasting period and is commonly used in assessment of glucose metabolism.
PPBS – Post Prandial Blood Sugar
Measures blood glucose after a meal and provides information about glucose handling after food intake.
PGBS
A blood glucose investigation used for assessment of blood sugar levels according to the requested testing condition.
RBS – Random Blood Sugar
Measures blood glucose at a random time without requiring a fasting period.
After Dinner Sugar
Measures blood glucose after dinner and may be used as part of glucose monitoring.
Before Lunch Sugar
Measures blood glucose before lunch according to the specified collection timing.
Creatinine
Measures creatinine in blood or another specified specimen and is commonly used in assessment of kidney function.
Urea
Measures urea concentration and supports assessment of kidney function and nitrogen metabolism.
BUN – Blood Urea Nitrogen
Measures the nitrogen component of urea in blood and is commonly considered with other kidney-related tests.
Uric Acid
Measures uric acid in blood and can support evaluation of disorders associated with uric acid metabolism.
Calcium
Measures calcium concentration, an important mineral involved in bone health, muscles and nerve function.
Sodium
Measures sodium, an electrolyte important for fluid balance, nerve function and muscle activity.
Potassium
Measures potassium concentration and supports assessment of electrolyte and muscle or cardiac function.
Chloride
Measures chloride, an electrolyte that contributes to fluid and acid-base balance.
Magnesium
Measures magnesium concentration, which is important for muscles, nerves and many enzymatic processes.
Phosphate
Measures phosphate concentration and may support evaluation of mineral and metabolic balance.
Cholesterol
Measures cholesterol in blood and is commonly used in assessment of lipid status and cardiovascular risk.
Triglyceride
Measures triglycerides, a type of blood fat evaluated as part of lipid assessment.
HDL Direct
Measures high-density lipoprotein cholesterol using the specified direct laboratory method.
LDL Direct
Measures low-density lipoprotein cholesterol using a direct laboratory method.
Lipid Profile
A group of lipid investigations used to evaluate cholesterol and triglyceride-related blood lipid status.
SGOT / AST
Measures aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme that can be elevated in various tissue and liver-related conditions.
SGPT / ALT
Measures alanine aminotransferase and is commonly used as part of liver-related biochemical assessment.
GGT
Measures gamma-glutamyl transferase, an enzyme used in evaluation of hepatobiliary conditions.
ALP – Alkaline Phosphatase
Measures alkaline phosphatase activity and can provide information related to liver, bile ducts and bone.
LDH – Lactate Dehydrogenase
Measures LDH activity, an enzyme found in many tissues and used as a general marker of cellular injury.
CK / CPK
Measures creatine kinase activity and can provide information about muscle and other tissue injury.
CK-MB
Measures the CK-MB fraction and may be used with other clinical findings when evaluating cardiac injury.
Amylase
Measures amylase activity and may support evaluation of pancreatic and other digestive-system conditions.
Lipase
Measures lipase activity and is commonly considered in assessment of pancreatic conditions.
Albumin
Measures albumin, a major blood protein involved in maintaining fluid balance and transporting substances.
Total Protein
Measures the total concentration of major proteins in a specimen, commonly including albumin and globulins.
Globulin
Measures or derives the globulin component of blood proteins and supports assessment of protein status.
Direct Bilirubin
Measures conjugated bilirubin and is commonly evaluated as part of liver and bile-related investigations.
Total & Direct Bilirubin
Measures total and direct bilirubin to provide information useful in assessment of bilirubin metabolism and liver or biliary conditions.
LFT – Liver Function Test
A group of biochemical investigations used to assess liver-related enzymes, proteins and bilirubin.
KFT / RFT – Kidney Function Test
A group of investigations used to assess kidney function, commonly including markers such as urea and creatinine.
eGFR
An estimated measure of kidney filtration calculated using specified patient and laboratory information.
HbA1c
Reflects average blood glucose exposure over the preceding period and is widely used in diabetes assessment and monitoring.
CRP
Measures C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker that can support evaluation of inflammatory conditions.
HS-CRP
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein testing measures low concentrations of CRP using a high-sensitivity method.
Procalcitonin
Measures procalcitonin and may support clinical assessment of systemic bacterial infection when interpreted with other findings.
Ferritin
Measures ferritin, a protein associated with iron storage, and is useful in assessment of iron status.
Iron / TIBC
Evaluates circulating iron and total iron-binding capacity as part of assessment of iron metabolism.
Homocysteine
Measures homocysteine in blood and may be used in selected metabolic and cardiovascular evaluations.
Troponin I / T
Measures cardiac troponin and may support evaluation of myocardial injury in the appropriate clinical setting.
NT-proBNP
Measures a cardiac biomarker used with clinical assessment in evaluation of heart failure and related conditions.
Cortisol
Measures cortisol, a hormone involved in the body's stress response and several metabolic processes.
Copper
Measures copper concentration and may be used in selected investigations of trace-element metabolism.
Lithium
Measures lithium concentration for monitoring therapy when lithium treatment is prescribed.
Lactate / Lactic Acid
Measures lactate concentration and can support evaluation of metabolic and tissue oxygenation-related conditions.
Urine Osmolarity
Assesses the concentration of dissolved particles in urine and provides information about urine concentrating ability.
Valproic Acid Level
Measures valproic acid concentration to support therapeutic drug monitoring when prescribed.
ABG – Arterial Blood Gas
Evaluates blood gases and acid-base status using an arterial blood specimen.
ADA – Adenosine Deaminase
Measures adenosine deaminase activity and may be performed on selected specimens as part of specific clinical evaluations.
AFP – Alpha Fetoprotein
Measures alpha-fetoprotein and may be used in selected tumor-marker or pregnancy-related investigations.
Bicarbonate
Measures bicarbonate or total carbon dioxide according to the laboratory method and supports assessment of acid-base balance.
Bile Acid
Measures bile acids and may be used in selected investigations of liver and bile metabolism.
Ammonia
Measures ammonia concentration and may support evaluation of selected liver and metabolic disorders.
Protein Electrophoresis
Separates proteins into fractions to support evaluation of abnormal protein patterns.
Fluid Protein
Measures protein in a body-fluid specimen as part of laboratory assessment of the fluid.
Fluid Sugar
Measures glucose in a body-fluid specimen according to the requested laboratory investigation.
Serology / Immunology
HIV
Serological testing used to detect evidence of HIV infection according to the laboratory's validated method.
HBsAg
Detects hepatitis B surface antigen and is used as part of evaluation for hepatitis B infection.
HCV / Anti-HCV
Detects antibodies associated with hepatitis C virus exposure using the specified laboratory method.
Anti-HBs
Measures antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen and may be used to assess immune response.
HBeAg
Detects hepatitis B e antigen and provides information used in the assessment of hepatitis B infection.
HAV IgM
Detects IgM antibodies associated with hepatitis A virus infection.
HEV IgM / IgG
Detects IgM and/or IgG antibodies associated with hepatitis E virus according to the selected test.
H. pylori IgG / IgA
Detects antibodies associated with Helicobacter pylori exposure or infection.
H. pylori Stool Ag
Detects H. pylori antigen in stool using the specified laboratory method.
COVID Antibody
Detects antibodies associated with SARS-CoV-2 exposure or immune response according to the test method.
Dengue IgG / IgM / NS1
Provides dengue-related testing through antibody and/or NS1 antigen detection according to the selected investigation.
Chikungunya
Serological investigation for evidence of chikungunya infection using the specified laboratory method.
Scrub Typhus IgG / IgM
Detects antibodies associated with scrub typhus infection.
Leptospira IgM
Detects IgM antibodies associated with leptospiral infection.
Measles IgG / IgM
Measures antibodies associated with measles infection or immune response.
Rubella IgG / IgM
Measures rubella-related IgG and/or IgM antibodies according to the selected investigation.
CMV IgG / IgM
Measures antibodies against cytomegalovirus to support assessment of exposure or infection.
Toxo IgG / IgM
Measures antibodies associated with Toxoplasma infection.
VDRL
A serological test used in evaluation for syphilis as part of appropriate clinical assessment.
VDRL Quantitative / Dilution
Provides a quantitative or dilution-based VDRL result according to the laboratory procedure.
Widal
A serological investigation historically used in assessment related to enteric fever and must be interpreted with clinical findings.
Weil-Felix
A serological investigation used in selected evaluations for rickettsial infections.
RA Factor
Detects rheumatoid factor and may support evaluation of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.
CRP Quantitative
Provides a quantitative measurement of C-reactive protein using the laboratory's specified method.
ANA
Detects antinuclear antibodies and may support evaluation of autoimmune disorders.
Anti-dsDNA
Detects antibodies against double-stranded DNA and is used in selected autoimmune evaluations.
ANCA / PANCA
Detects antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies using the specified laboratory method.
Anti-CCP
Detects antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides and may support evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-TPO
Detects antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and supports evaluation of autoimmune thyroid disease.
Anti-TG
Detects antibodies against thyroglobulin and may support evaluation of autoimmune thyroid conditions.
C4
Measures complement component C4 and may support evaluation of immune-system related conditions.
HLA-B27
Detects the HLA-B27 marker and may support evaluation of selected inflammatory and rheumatologic conditions.
NMO Antibodies
Detects antibodies associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders according to the laboratory method.
AChR Antibodies
Detects antibodies against acetylcholine receptors and may support evaluation of myasthenia gravis.
ENA Profile
A panel of extractable nuclear antigen antibodies used in selected autoimmune disease evaluations.
Antiphospholipid / APLA
Investigates antibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and related clinical conditions.
Hormone / Endocrinology
TSH
Measures thyroid-stimulating hormone and is commonly used in assessment of thyroid function.
T3
Measures triiodothyronine, one of the thyroid hormones involved in regulation of metabolism.
T4
Measures thyroxine and contributes to assessment of thyroid function.
FT3
Measures free triiodothyronine, the unbound fraction of T3 circulating in blood.
FT4
Measures free thyroxine and is commonly used with TSH in thyroid-function assessment.
T3 / T4 / TSH
A thyroid profile measuring T3, T4 and TSH together for broader assessment of thyroid function.
FT3 / FT4 / TSH
A thyroid profile combining free thyroid hormone measurements with TSH.
FT4 / TSH
Measures free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone for thyroid function assessment.
FSH
Measures follicle-stimulating hormone, which plays an important role in reproductive function.
LH
Measures luteinizing hormone and supports assessment of reproductive and hormonal function.
Prolactin
Measures prolactin, a hormone involved in breast development and lactation as well as reproductive regulation.
Progesterone
Measures progesterone and may be used in evaluation of reproductive and menstrual-cycle related conditions.
Estradiol – E2
Measures estradiol, a major estrogen hormone involved in reproductive and other physiological functions.
Testosterone Total
Measures total testosterone and supports evaluation of androgen status.
Testosterone Free
Measures the free fraction of testosterone according to the laboratory's validated method.
Testosterone Total & Free
Provides total and free testosterone measurements for assessment of androgen status.
SHBG
Measures sex hormone-binding globulin, a protein that binds sex hormones in circulation.
AMH
Measures anti-Müllerian hormone and may be used in selected reproductive and ovarian-reserve evaluations.
PTH
Measures parathyroid hormone, which plays a central role in calcium and phosphate regulation.
Growth Hormone
Measures growth hormone and may be used in selected evaluations of growth and pituitary function.
Insulin Fasting
Measures fasting insulin concentration and may support assessment of glucose and insulin metabolism.
C-Peptide
Measures C-peptide as an indicator of endogenous insulin production.
β-hCG
Measures beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, commonly used for pregnancy-related testing and selected other clinical evaluations.
PSA
Measures prostate-specific antigen and may be used in appropriate prostate-related clinical evaluation.
PSA Free & Total
Measures free and total PSA and provides additional information for selected prostate-related assessments.
DHEA / DHEAS
Measures adrenal androgen-related hormones and may support selected endocrine evaluations.
Vitamin B12
Measures vitamin B12 concentration and may support evaluation of nutritional status and related disorders.
Vitamin D / D3
Measures vitamin D status and supports assessment of vitamin D availability and related disorders.
Thyroglobulin Antibody
Measures antibodies against thyroglobulin and may support evaluation of autoimmune thyroid conditions.
Molecular / Prenatal
HBV DNA Quantitative
Molecular testing used to quantify hepatitis B virus DNA according to the validated PCR method.
HCV Quantitative PCR
Molecular testing used to quantify hepatitis C virus nucleic acid using PCR technology.
HCV RNA (Q)
Detects and/or quantifies HCV RNA using the specified molecular laboratory method.
HSV PCR
Molecular testing for detection of herpes simplex virus genetic material in the specified specimen.
QFPCR
Quantitative fluorescent PCR-based testing used for selected molecular and genetic investigations.
BCR-ABL PCR
Molecular investigation for the BCR-ABL genetic fusion using the laboratory's validated PCR method.
Y Chromosome Microdeletion
Genetic testing for selected microdeletions on the Y chromosome according to the validated assay.
NIPT Microdeletion
Non-invasive prenatal molecular screening that includes selected chromosomal microdeletion assessments.
NIPT Advanced
Advanced non-invasive prenatal screening performed according to the specific validated screening panel.
Double Marker
A prenatal screening investigation used to assess the risk of selected chromosomal conditions.
Double Marker – Pre-eclampsia
Prenatal screening investigation associated with assessment of risk factors for pre-eclampsia according to the specified panel.
Triple Marker
A prenatal biochemical screening panel used for risk assessment of selected fetal chromosomal or developmental conditions.
Quadruple Marker
A prenatal screening panel using four biochemical markers for risk assessment of selected fetal conditions.
TORCH Panel
A group of serological investigations related to selected infections that may be relevant in pregnancy.
Microbiology
Blood C/S
Blood culture investigation used to detect microbial growth in blood and, when applicable, support identification and susceptibility testing.
CSF C/S
Culture of cerebrospinal fluid to investigate possible microbial growth using the laboratory's microbiological methods.
Urine C/S
Urine culture used to detect bacterial growth and may include organism identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Pus C/S
Culture of pus or purulent material to identify microbial growth and determine susceptibility when applicable.
Sputum C/S
Culture of sputum for detection and identification of relevant microorganisms with susceptibility testing when indicated.
Stool C/S
Stool culture investigation used to detect selected enteric microorganisms.
Semen C/S
Culture of semen for investigation of microbial growth according to the laboratory procedure.
Throat C/S
Culture of a throat specimen to investigate bacterial or other relevant microbial growth.
Tracheal C/S
Culture of tracheal material for investigation of relevant microbial growth.
Wound Swab C/S
Culture of wound swab material to investigate microorganisms associated with wound infection.
Vagina Swab C/S
Culture investigation of vaginal swab specimens for relevant microbial growth.
Pleural Fluid C/S
Culture of pleural fluid to investigate possible microbial infection.
Synovial Fluid C/S
Culture of synovial fluid for investigation of microorganisms in suspected joint infection.
Fungus C/S
Fungal culture investigation used to detect and identify fungal growth according to the laboratory method.
AFB / ZN Stain
Microscopic staining investigation for acid-fast bacilli using the specified staining method.
Sputum AFB
Microscopic examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli according to the laboratory procedure.
Pus Culture Disc Diffusion
Microbiological culture with disc-diffusion susceptibility testing when indicated to assess antimicrobial response.
Clinical Pathology / Cytology
Urine Routine
Routine examination of urine that may include physical, chemical and microscopic assessment according to the laboratory protocol.
Stool Routine
Routine examination of stool for selected physical, microscopic and other laboratory findings.
Fluid Cell Count
Counts and evaluates cells in a body-fluid specimen as part of clinical laboratory assessment.
CSF Cell Count
Evaluates cell numbers in cerebrospinal fluid and may support investigation of neurological and infectious conditions.
Fluid Biochemical Study
Performs selected biochemical measurements on body-fluid specimens according to the requested investigation.
Fluid Cytology
Microscopic examination of cells present in a body-fluid specimen to support cytological evaluation.
FNAC Thyroid
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of a thyroid lesion for microscopic evaluation of sampled cells.
FNAC Swelling
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of a swelling or mass for examination of the obtained cellular material.
Tzanck Smear
Microscopic cytological examination of material from a lesion using the specified smear technique.
Gram Stain
A differential staining method used for microscopic examination and classification of bacteria in suitable specimens.
AFB Stain
Staining investigation for detection of acid-fast bacilli in an appropriate clinical specimen.
Diagnostic / Other
ECG
Electrocardiography records the electrical activity of the heart and is used as part of cardiac assessment.
ECHO
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to assess heart structure, movement and function.
PFT – Pulmonary Function Test
Evaluates aspects of lung function, including airflow and respiratory capacity, using the specified pulmonary function method.
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging produces detailed images of body structures using magnetic fields and radiofrequency energy.
Colonoscopy
A diagnostic procedure used to examine the inner lining of the large intestine using a flexible endoscope.
Colour Doppler
An ultrasound-based imaging technique used to assess blood flow through vessels and selected organs.
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Important Information
The descriptions on this page are for general informational purposes. Test methods, reference intervals, critical values and interpretation may vary according to the laboratory's validated procedures, analyzer, kit instructions and clinical context. Final interpretation should be made by the treating healthcare professional.
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